Figure 2

Effects of HRW on glucose- and α,β-dicarbonyl compound-induced ROS production. Kidney homogenates from Wistar rats were incubated with (a) glucose (1, 10, or 100 mM), (b) glyoxal (2, 20, or 200 μM), (c) methylglyoxal (2, 20, or 200 μM), or (d) 3-deoxyglucosone (2, 20, or 200 μM). Then, ROS levels were measured. Values represent means ± SEM (n = 3–6/group), ^*p < 0.05 versus controls.