Table 3 Summary of Neuroprotective Effect of Hydrogen
From: Application of medical gases in the field of neurobiology
Model | Intervention | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
MCAO | 1%, 2%, 4% hydrogen during the occlusion (85 min), or reperfusion (35 min) or occlusion + reperfusion (120 min) | Inhalation of hydrogen markedly suppresses brain injury by buffering the effects of oxidative stress. 2% hydrogen is more effective than 4% and 1% hydrogen | [190] |
neonatal HI | 2% hydrogen (30, 60 and 120 min) or hydrogen saturated saline (5 ml/kg immediately and 8 h after insult) | Hydrogen treatment significantly reduces the apoptotic cells, suppresses caspase-3 and -12 activities, reduces MDA and Iba-1 levels, and improves the long-term neurological and neurobehavioral functions | |
newborn pig asphyxia | 2.1% H2-supplemented room air for 1 h and additional 3 h | H2-RA ventilation significantly increases cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia after asphyxia/reventilation; no affects on ROS-dependent cerebrovascular reactivity to NMDA | [209] |
neonatal HI MCAO | Inhalation of 2.9% hydrogen | Inhalation of 2.9% hydrogen did not decrease the infarction volume and brain lipid peroxidation, but there was a trend suggesting a beneficial effect on MCAO in adult rats | [196] |
hypoxia-reoxygenation of brain slices of vitamin C-depleted SMP30/GNL knockout mice | hydrogen-rich pure water | Hydrogen-rich pure water acts as an anti-oxidant and prevents superoxide formation | [197] |
amyloid-β-induced Alzheimer's disease | Intraperitoneal hydrogen rich saline (5 ml/kg daily for 2 weeks) | Hydrogen-rich saline prevents beta-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the improvement of memory dysfunction in this rat model | [198] |
MCAO | Inhalation of 2.9% hydrogen during reperfusion | Inhalation of hydrogen during 2 h reperfusion was found to reduce brain infarction, hemorrhagic transformation, and improve neurological function | [199] |
chronic physical restraint in mice | Oral intake of hydrogen supplemented water up to 8 weeks | Hydrogen water reduces oxidative stress in the brain, and prevents the stress-induced decline in learning and memory caused by chronic physical restraint | [200] |
MPTP induced Parkinson's disease model | Oral intake of hydrogen containing water for 28 days | Drinking hydrogen-containing water significantly reduces the loss of dopaminergic neurons accompanied by significant reduction of oxidative stress which was demonstrated by a significant decrease of DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. | [201] |
6-OHDA induced Parkinson's disease model | Oral intake of hydrogen containing water before and after surgery | Prevent both the development and progression of the nigrostrital degeneration and dopaminergic cell loss | [202] |
Senescence-accelerated mice | Oral intake of hydrogen containing water for 30 days and 18 weeks | Prevented age-related declines in cognitive ability increases brain serotonin levels and elevates serum antioxidant activity at 30 days while inhibiting neurodegeneration in the hippocampus at 18 weeks | [203] |