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Table 2 Studies of the effects of Volatile Anesthetic Pretreatment relating to Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore and K ATP Channel Mechanisms in Cardioprotection

From: The role of Volatile Anesthetics in Cardioprotection: a systematic review

Model

Anesthetic

Interventions

Mechanism

Length of ischemia

Infarct size

Ref #

Isolated rat ventricular myocytes

Sevoflurane & Isoflurane

5-HD, HMR-1098, diazoxide, chelerythine, 2,4-dinitrophenol

KATP activity

/

/

[17]

Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts with IR injury

Sevoflurane

Chelerythine, 5-HD

   

[25]

Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes

Isoflurane

N-acetyl cysteine, carnosine, superoxide dismutase, & catalase

ROS, KATP activity

/

/

[37]

Isolated rate trabeculae with IR injury

Sevoflurane

Chelerythine, 5-HD, MPG

ROS, mPTP, PKC

30 min

/

[40]

Isolated, perfused rat heart with IR injury

Isoflurane

/

mPTP opening, O2 consumption

/

/

[43]

Isolated, perfused rat heart

Isoflurane

H2O2

mPTP opening, Ca2+

/

/

[44]

Regional rabbit cardiac IR injury

Desflurane

5-HD

mPTP, KATP

10 min

/

[45]

Isolated mice hearts with IR injury

Isoflurane

/

mPTP opening

30 min

26% reduction from control

[46]

Global or regional rat cardiac IR injury

Isoflurane

/

mPTP opening

30 min

52% control

[47]

30% APT

Human right atrial appendages after anesthesia

Isoflurane

HMR-1098

KATP activity

15 min

/

[48]

Global or regional rat cardiac IR injury

Isoflurane

5-HD, TEMPO, L-NAME

KATP activity, NOS

30 min

62% control

[49]

40% APT

Isolated, perfused rat heart with cardioplegic arrest

Isoflurane

5-HD, HMR-1098

KATP activity

/

/

[50]

Isolated, perfused rat heart with IR injury

Isoflurane

5-HD, HMR-1098

KATP activity, Ca2+

30 min

/

[51]

Global rat cardiac IR injury

Isoflurane & sevoflurane

5-HD

KATP activity

10 min

/

[52]

Isolated rat cardiomyocytes with oxidative stress

Isoflurane

H202, FeSO4, 5-HD, HMR-1098

KATP activity

/

/

[53]

Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes with patch-clamp

Isoflurane

/

KATP activity

/

/

[54]

Isolated, rat ventricular trabeculae

Sevoflurane

Chelerythrine, 5-HD, MPG

KATP activity, PKC, ROS

30 min

/

[55]

Global rat cardiac IR injury

Sevoflurane

5-HD

KATP activity

25 min

/

[56]

Isolated, rat ventricular cardiomyocytes

Isoflurane

Chelerythrine, nisoldipine, glibenclamide

KATP activity & PKC

/

/

[57]

Isolated guinea pig hearts

Sevoflurane

5-HD

KATP activity

2 hours

/

[58]

Isolated guinea pig hearts with patch-clamp

Isoflurane

PP106 (PKC activator), PP93 (PKC antagonist), PP1144 (PKC act), 5-HD

KATP activity

/

/

[59]

Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury

Isoflurane

5-HD, diazoxide

KATP activity, O2-

30 min

37% control

[60]

24% APT

Isolated, guinea pig ventricular myocytes with patch-clamp

Isoflurane

ATP, pinacidil, 2,4,-dinitrophenol, glibenclamide

KATP activity

/

/

[61]

Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts with IR injury

Sevoflurane

MnTBAP, 5-HD

KATP activity, ROS

30 min, 5–20 min

/

[62]

Global or regional Rat cardiac IR injury

Isoflurane

Glibenclamide

KATP activity, PKC

/

58% control

[63]

42% APT

Isolated guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes

Isoflurane & halothane

Pinacidil, 2,4-dinitrophenol

KATP activity

/

/

[64]

Isolated, perfused guinea pig ventricular myocytes

Isoflurane

ADP, nisoldipine, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ATP, adenosine, GTP

KATP activity, PKC

/

/

[65]

Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes

Isoflurane

Genistein & tryphostin B42

Tyrosine kinase depend KATP

/

/

[66]

Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury

Isoflurane

Glyburide

KATP activity

15 min

/

[67]

Isolated human right atrial trabeculae with IR injury

Desflurane

Glibenclamide, phentolamine, propranolol, DCPCX, 5-HD & HMR-1098

KATP activity, adrenergic role

30 min

/

[68]

Isolated guinea pig hearts with IR injury

Sevoflurane

5-HD

KATP activity

4 hours

36% control

[69]

25% APT

Isolated, perfused rabbit hearts with IR injury

Isoflurane

5-HD, HMR-1098

KATP activity

/

20% control

[70]

10% APT

Participle, isolated rat hearts with IR injury

Isoflurane

5-HD

KATP activity

20 min

/

[71]

Global Dog cardiac IR injury

Sevoflurane

ATP, 5-HD

KATP activity

15 min

/

[72]

Isolated, perfused human atrial trabeculae

Isoflurane & halothane

Glibenclamide, DPCPX

KATP activity

60 min

/

[73]

Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury

Sevoflurane & halothane

Glibenclamide

KATP activity,

45-60 min

/

[74]

Isolated, perfused rat hearts

Sevoflurane

Pinacidil, glyburide

KATP activity

60 min

/

[75]

Regional Dog cardiac IR injury

Isoflurane

Glyburide

KATP activity

5 min, x 5

/

[76]

Regional Dog cardiac IR injury

Isoflurane

Glibenclamide

KATP activity

15 min

/

[76]

  1. Please note that “/” indicates that either this information was not printed or did not apply to the study. 5-HD, KATP inhibitor; HMR-1098, sarcolemmal KATP inhibitor; diazoxide & pinacidil, KATP activators; chelerythrine, PKC-ϵ inhibitor; N-acetyl cysteine, carnosine, superoxide dismutase & catalase (radical scavengers); reactive oxygen species (ROS); potassium ATP channel (KATP ); Anesthetic Pretreatment (APT); ischemia-reperfusion (IR); mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); TEMPO, O2 scavenger; L-NAME, NOS inhibitor; ferrous sulfate (FeSO4); MPG, ROS scavenger; nisoldipine, L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; glibenclamide, KATP inhibitor; PP106 & PP1144, PKC activators; PP93, PKC inhibitor; adenosine triphosphate (ATP); 2,4-dinitrophenol, ATP production inhibitor; MnTBAP, radical scavenger; adenosine diphosphate (ADP); guanosine triphosphate (GTP); genestein & tryphostin B42, tyrosine kinase inhibitors; glyburide, KATP inhibitor; phentolamine, α blocker; propranolol, β blocker; DCPCX, adenosine A1 antagonist.