Table 1 In-vivo and in-vitro models demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of Xenon
From: XENON in medical area: emphasis on neuroprotection in hypoxia and anesthesia
Reference | Model | Intervention | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
Bantel et al., 2009 | Neuronal damage due to OGD | Preconditioning with 75% Xenon for 2 hours | Xenon preconditioning reduces neuronal injury through activation of plasmalemmal ATP sensitive potassium channel [62] |
Liu et al, 2011 Wilhelm et al, 2002 | Neuronal damage due to OGD | Xenon saturated medium for 24 hours (in vitro) | Reduction in lactate dehydrogenase release proves that Xenon reduces OGD induced neuronal cell death at subanesthetic concentrations [1, 61]. |
Homi et al, 2003 | MCAO in mice | 70%, 35% Xenon during middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour | Application of Xenon during MCAO reduces total infarct size and augments neurologic outcome [54]. |
Horiguchi et al, 2006 | MCAO in mice | Preconditioning with 70% xenon for 2 hours | Xenon preconditioning induces neuroprotection in mice model of middle cerebral artery occlusion [64]. |
Hobbs et al, 2008 | Neonatal HI | Hypothermia (32°C) with inhalation of 50% Xenon for 3 hours | Combination of hypothermia and Xenon increases neuroprotection from 37% (hypothermia only) to 76% [70]. |
Martin et al, 2007 | Neonatal HI | Asynchronous application of Xenon (20%) and hypothermia (35°C) with 1 hour and 5 hours gap in between the treatments | Asynchronous combination of Xenon and hypothermia reduces brain infarction significantly [71]. |
Ma et al, 2006 Luo et al, 2008 | Neuronatal damage due to OGD | Combination of 20% Xenon and 0.75% sevoflurane preconditioning | Combination of Xenon and sevoflurane preconditioning induces long term neuroprotection by enhanced phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protection signaling. [53, 55] |